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If British practitioners never used a physical leap, Parry wonders how European-Americans and enslaved African-Americans in the American South and rural North America learned of the custom. He shows many correlations between the ceremonies of enslaved African-Americans and those of the rural British, contending it is not simply coincidental that two groups, separated by an ocean, used similar matrimonial forms revolving around the broomstick. In his book Jumping the Broom: The Surprising Multicultural Origins of a Black Wedding Ritual, Parry argues that African-Americans and British-Americans engaged in numerous cultural exchanges during the 18th and 19th centuries. Parry contests the claim that no actual part of the British custom involved jumping. Probert also points out that the word broomstick was used in the mid-18th century in several contexts to mean 'something ersatz, or lacking the authority its true equivalent might possess.' She therefore argues that because the expression broomstick marriage, meaning 'sham marriage', was in circulation, folk etymology led to a belief that people must actually have once signified irregular marriage by jumping over a broom. Probert of Warwick University has failed to find any proof of an actual contemporary practice of jumping over a broomstick as a sign of informal union. ĭespite these allusions, research by the legal historian Professor R. In 1789 the rumoured clandestine marriage between the Prince Regent and Maria Fitzherbert is similarly referred to in a satirical song in The Times: "Their way to consummation was by hopping o'er a broom, sir". A man who had taken his underage bride off to France discovered it was as hard to arrange a legal marriage there as in England, but declined a suggestion that a French sexton might simply read the marriage service through before the couple as "He had no inclination for a Broomstick-marriage". Ī 1774 usage in the Westminster Magazine also describes an elopement. The earliest use of the phrase is in the 1764 English edition of a French work: the French text, describing an elopement, refers to the runaway couple hastily making un mariage sur la croix de l'épée (literally 'marriage on the cross of the sword'), an expression the English translator freely renders as 'performed the marriage ceremony by leaping over a broomstick'. References to "broomstick marriages" emerged in England in the mid-to-late 18th century, always to describe a wedding ceremony of doubtful validity. 3 African American and Black Canadian customĪs an expression for "irregular marriage".1 As an expression for "irregular marriage".The custom is also historically attested in some Irish weddings. The custom of a marrying couple literally jumping over a broom is now most widespread among African Americans and Black Canadians, popularized in the 1970s by the novel and miniseries Roots but originating in the mid 19th century as a practice in antebellum slavery in the United States.
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There have also been suggestions that the expression may derive from an actual custom of jumping over a " besom" (where "broom" refers to the plant common broom rather than the household implement) associated with the Romanichal Travellers of the United Kingdom, especially those in Wales. It has been suggested that the custom is based on an 18th-century idiomatic expression for " sham marriage" or "marriage of doubtful validity" it was popularized in the context of the introduction of civil marriage in Britain with the Marriage Act 1836. Jumping the broom (or jumping the besom) is a phrase and custom relating to a wedding ceremony where the couple jumps over a broom. Serve on its own with crusty bread, baked potato or pasta."Marrying over the Broomstick", 1822 illustration of a "broomstick-wedding" by James Catnach. Heat through until the spinach has reduced and sauce thickened. Next add the celery cook for a couple of minutes before adding the spinach, pomegranate seeds, seasoning and coriander. Transfer to a warmed pan to which the onions and garlic and oil have been added and cook for 5 minutes. Toss the chicken pieces in the oil, honey, and balsamic and coat well, then Cut the celery into large chunks, de-seed the pomegranate, wash the spinach. Prepare all the vegetables – cut onion into thick wedges. sauce eg tomato, passata or roasted pepper sauce.įreshly ground black pepper and fresh coriander to serve Serves 4.Ī quarter of a pint/125ml stock – vegetableĤ – 6 dsp. Totally versatile for any occasion with its flavour, colour and freshness. This is a great one-pot meal, salad starter, main course, supper dish.